Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Grace Brewster Murray Hopper ( née Murray Decem– January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. For the submarine cable, see Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable). For the residential college, see Grace Hopper College.
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